Essay on Bipolar Disorder - 3259 Words

Abstract Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person’s mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is also called manic-depressive illness. In a related disorder called cyclothymic disorder (sometimes called Bipolar III), a person’s mood alternates between mild depression and mild mania. Some people with cyclothymic disorder later develop full-blown bipolar disorder. Rates of bipolar disorder are similar throughout the world. At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. Medications known as â€Å"mood stabilizers† are usually prescribed by psychiatrists to†¦show more content†¦Critics of this research note that many creative people do not suffer from bipolar disorder, and that most people with bipolar disorder are not especially creative (E). SYMPTOMS Bipolar disorder usually begins in a person’s late teens or twenties. Men usually experience mania as the first mood episode, whereas women typically experience depression first (E). Episodes of mania and depression usually last from several weeks to several months. On average, people with untreated bipolar disorder experience four episodes of mania or depression over any ten-year period. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. In rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, however, which represents five to fifteen percent of all cases, a person experiences four or more mood episodes within a year and may have little or no normal functioning in between episodes (H). In rare cases, swings between mania and depression can occur over a period of days or hours. The term ultra-rapid cycling may be applied to those who cycle through episodes within a month or less. If this pattern is demonstrated within a twenty-four hour period, the persons diagnosis could possibl y be phrased ultra-ultra-rapid cycling or ultradian.Show MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar Disorder† Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness, which involves hypomanic episodes, which are changes in someone’s usual mood. Originally, Bipolar Disorder was called manic depression because it does share similar symptoms with people diagnosed with depression. Bipolar Disorder is a severe condition because it can cause mania, which then causes hallucinations and paranoid rage. (Bipolar Disorder) Bipolar Disorder is classified into two categories, bipolar type 1 and bipolar type 2. BipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )829 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is an often devastating mental illnesses, with high emotional, social and economic impact on the lives of patients and family members [Jin and McCrone, 2015; Miller et al., 2014]. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in developing diagnostic methods for reliably diagnosing severe bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder type I) and some related bipolar â€Å"spectrum† disorders (bipolar type II disorder), and there has also been recent progress in identifying some of the geneticRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )956 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that effects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first fully understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categories. The National InstituteRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1010 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction/Overview of Condition Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) characterized by dramatic mood â€Å"swings† between manic and depressed states. In their manic states, individuals experience an abnormally elevated mood characterized by extreme, grandiose gestures and ideas, inflated self-esteem, lack of sleep, constant talking, distractibility, poor judgement, and even aggression (Griggs). Individuals can be characterized as having either a hypomanic episode or a manic episodeRead MoreBipolar And Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1397 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar robs you of that which is you. It can take from you the very core of your being and replace it with something that is completely opposite of who and what you truly are† (A. Reyan 2015). Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that alters a person’s life, they can never go back to who they were before. â€Å"It is estimated that more than 10 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder† (everydayhealth.com 2015). Bipolar disorder is broken down into two types; bipolar I and bipolar II disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1536 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder has been gaining more and more attention over the last few years. With shootings on the rise, or at least the publicity of them, people are often pointing their fingers at mental diseases including bipolar disorder. An ongoing issue regarding mental illnesses, however, is the population has failed to fully understand what they truly are, the symptoms, and how to treat them. Bipolar disorder, which is commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a disorder within the brainRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1447 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness in which common emotions become intensely and often unpredictably magnified. Individuals with bipolar disorder can quickly swing from extremes of happiness, energy and clarity to sadness, fatigue and confusion. Bipolar disorder more commonly develops in older teenagers and young adults; it can appear in children as 6. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown; there are two types of this disease: Types of the bipolar disorder: People with bipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder Research Paper What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categoriesRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1541 Words   |  7 PagesManic depression, also known as Bipolar Disorder is not your normal up and down mood change; it’s not like what most people experience, getting a little sad and getting over it. Instead it is extreme mood swing that â€Å"usually going from EXTREMLY happy to EXTREMLY angry† also include emotional highs and lows such as, depression and mania. Mood changes can happen as little as a few times a year or as often as several times a week; it depends on the person and thei r environment. At times, you feel veryRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar ) Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder or manic-depressive disorder is a disorder characterized by highs, manias, and lows, depressions, and can therefore be easily distinguished from unipolar depression, a major depressive disorder in DSM-5, by the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes (Miklowitz Gitlin, 2014). Bipolar disorder is generally an episodic, lifelong illness with a variable course (American Psychiatric Association, 2010). There are two classifications of bipolar disorder; bipolar I disorder and bipolar

Environmental Factors Affecting The Disease Essay

have the second and consequent attacks after exposure to infection. Environmental factor-The disease is seen throughout the year, but higher incidence is reported during rainy season and increased fly breeding in June-September, because the disease is spread mainly due to flies. Social factor-Drinking water or milk and food contaminated by intestinal contents of the patients or carriers or by flies which often transmit the disease. Eating unwashed and uncooked vegetables are good source of infection. Symptoms and signs The disease is characterized by a continued, high inflammation of the intestine, formation of intestinal ulcers, haemorrhage and enlargement of spleen can occur, Payer’s patches or fiat patches of lymphatic tissues situated in the small intestine but mainly in the ileum are the seat of infection in typhoid fever. The patient may complain of diarrhoea or constipation and severe stomach ache. Abdominal absorption of nutrients is decreased and the patient may feel headache and anorexia. Sources of infection : The main source of infection is the faeces and urine of the case and the carrier and indirect cause may be food, fly, finger, fomite, fluids. Mode of trajismjssioa : The typhoid is spread through faeco-oral or urine oral route. The disease spreads through contaminated hands, by urine or stool of case or carrier or indirectly by ingestion of contaminated food, water, milk through flies or any other means. Treatment Chloramphenicol is the drug of choiceShow MoreRelatedChronic Respiratory Diseases ( Crd )1147 Words   |  5 Pageschronic respiratory diseases (CRD). It will look at the prevalence of CRD in both Australia and China and the factors affecting both countries. It will also look into the prevention and treatment strategies for chronic respiratory diseases available in Australia and the health professionals involved in these strategies. Finally, it will look into one of the impacts in has on the community. Chronic respiratory diseases vary widely in severity and have many contributing factors. Although there isRead MoreT2DM ( Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Study743 Words   |  3 Pagesundertaken, it is the lifestyle choices and other individual environmental factors which form the key causes of the epigenetic modifications influencing T2DM and obesity across generations. Recent cases have been observed and discussed in regard to this study. T2DM is a disease which has been troubling humanity since ancient times, but it has been exponentially growing among the general population only recently. 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Liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis or liver cancer are the verdict of the disease; however, the main root of the virus is primarily the environmental and lifestyle factors leading it to spread in considerably high rate, especially in third-world countries. Due t o environmental factors, personalRead MoreEffects Of Protein Energy Malnutrition On Children And Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesprotein, energy and other micronutrients. This malnutrition disease can be affected from not eating enough healthy diets and recognizing by physical appearance signs, dietary data and bio-medical data. There are some factors affecting in age groups women and children malnutrition by socioeconomic and cultural factors, biological factors, and environmental factors (1). 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Life of Pharmacological Academic Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Life of Pharmacological Academic Performance. Answer: Introduction: Evaluation of a research article can be defined as the process by which the worth or value of the research interventions proposed in the article are determined by judging it against predetermined and explicit standards (Greenhalgh et al., 2017). Obtaining evidencefor a particular intervention encompasses interpretation of the empirical data that has been derived from the systematic investigation. ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a chronic neurodevelopmental condition, characterized by poor attention and impulsive behaviour among children (Ronald et al., 2014). Psycho-stimulants are generally used to treat ADHD. However, there a number of college students who get addicted to misuse of these psycho-stimulants, in spite of being not affected with ADHD. Some of the students use these drugs purely for recreation. However, major effects of these stimulants include enhancement of academic and classroom performance. However, substance abuse of these drugs is illegal and ca n create potential harm to the health. In this assignment, I will be critically evaluating the evidences that suggest use of smart drugs in improving academic performance. I will focus on two studies that evaluated the effectiveness of these drugs on academic enhancement. Authorship- Klaus Lieb and Andreas Gnter Franke belong to the department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz (Germany). The department is headed by Klaus Lieb while, Franke works as a trainee under his supervision. The other author Elisabeth Hildt is an expert in neuroethics and from the department of Philosophy. Thus, all the three authors are well qualified to conduct the study. There exist some discrepancies regarding the academic results that the authors have achieved and the subjective experiences of their respondents. Research Aims- In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the effects of psycho-stimulant use (through prescribed usage and illicit usage) on enhancement of academic performance. The effect of stimulants that the study intended to evaluate on university students was methylphenidate and amphetamines. The authors specifically wanted to evaluate the experiences of the students subjected to the drug administration and the influence of other factors such as peer or academic pressure that increased their desire to excel in academics and personal life (Hildt, Lieb Franke, 2014). Design- Participants were collected from the University of Mainz campus by posting placards related to use of psycho-stimulants. Healthy students without previous reports of psychiatric disorders were selected for conduction of semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Questions were mainly asked related to illicit or prescribed intake of stimulants. Respondents were also questioned related to their individual perception on the effects of stimulants related to improvement in academics and related negative effects. After being transcribed verbatim, the responses were systematically analyzed using a qualitative approach. Findings- Out of the 22 interviews that were carried out, only 18 were analyzed for final results. 14 participants reported use of illicit stimulants and 4 were under prescribed stimulant usage. It was found that in addition to using stimulants to gain study time, facilitate exam preparation and prepare a term paper, several students reported taking stimulants to achieve and pursue individual projects that were outside their academic domain. Performance and time pressure were found to influence the intake. Furthermore, the findings also suggested that the participants were not aware of the stimulants creating any positive effect on their overall academic performance. Some of them reported an increase in motivation or reduction in sleep after use of the drugs. The analysis also revealed the stimulants to increase energy for leisure activities (Spencer, Devilbiss Berridge, 2015). Thus, I can deduce from the findings that the two most important effects of the stimulants were boosting m otivation and maximizing time. Strengths and weaknesses- There were several limitations in the study. One of them was the inclusion of 18 interviews for the survey. Although the university had more than 36,000 registered students, only 30 of them contacted the authors after seeing the placards and 22 showed willingness to participate. The stigma related to drug abuse accounted for the low participation rate. Secondly the type of students who were willing to participate and exclusion of willing participants who reported psychiatric disorders or were under prescribed psychoactive medications led to selection bias. Moreover, the spontaneous answers given by the participants could have been influenced by social desirability, time frame or behavioural aspects. The strength lies in the fact that it could act as a starting point for conduction of future qualitative and quantitative studies that would investigate student motivation for pharmacological neuro-enhancement and its observable effects on academic performance. Authorship- Lisa L. Weyandt is a professor at the department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island and Danielle R. Oster is a doctoral student there. Bailey A. Munro is a Doctoral Research Assistant at the Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, in the same university. Marisa E. Marraccini is an Assistant Professor at the Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Hence, they are adequately qualified to conduct the study. There were few discrepancies regarding generalization of the study and presence of voluntary participants. Research Aims- Executive functioning is the key factor responsible for the enhancement of academic performances. Executive functioning (EF) involves cognitive flexibility, self regulation, lf activities to achieve the goals. The aim of this study is to understand the association between the non prescribed use of the psycho stimulants and the executive functioning in a sample population of the college students (Munro et al., 2017). Design- Six public universities and schools from different region were considered for the study. The faculties and the staffs were contacted via e-mail seeking for the permission of the study and to provide suitable participants for the study. Interested participants were imparted with all information associated to the study. The participants were instructed to complete two sets of questionnaire. One was a demographic questionnaire consisting questions about gender, age, name of the university, whether a member of fraternity or sonority. Another questionnaire was based on the non medical use of the psycho stimulants. The Barkley deficits scale was used in this study to assess the dimensions of the adult executive functioning. It is used to generate a total EF summary score of the population. Finally statistical method was used to analyse the results. Findings- This study was the first study to point out the relationship between the Executive functioning of the brain and the non medical use of the psycho-stimulants. Results show that students having self reported deficit in EF have higher score of the SSQ (stimulant survey questionnaire), which indicates higher use of the psycho stimulants (Gerlach et al., 2014). Students having deficit in EF are found to use psycho stimulants more than those with moderate EF. Strengths and weaknesses- This study could successfully point out the fact that psycho-stimulants have relation between the executive functioning of the brain as the survey had given positive results in support of the use of psycho stimulants by the college students. One limitation is the generalization of the study. The sample contained disproportionate number of females and the whites. The study contained only three participants having GPA score lower than 2. Thus it was difficult to assess the affectivity of the psycho stimulants o the brain. Furthermore, the study contained voluntary participants, which might not be the suitable representatives of the entire population. Chances of response bias and social desirability bias can be present, as the study was based on self-reported data. Barriers for the application of evidence in practice- Evidence-based practice (EBP) can be defined as a problem solving approach that aims to improve health outcomes among patients by integrating best research evidence from studies that are well designed. Some of the most common barriers that exist while implementing EBP are inadequate knowledge, time management, and lack of motivation, limited IT skills and access and patient factors (Oliver, Lorenc Innvr, 2014). Often adequate knowledge is not available on application of evidence based research findings in the practical environment. In this particular context, I felt that I did not have a basic knowledge on psycho-stimulants. My previous experiences provided me the idea that these drugs are used to treat children with ADHD. However, I was not adequately prepared to understand its effects on academic performance, as had been reported by the University students. Further, the criteria that reflect a high quality research should be pr operly recognized. Lack of access to an adequate computer resource or a large library is another barrier in implementation of EBP (Schaffer, Sandau Diedrick, 2013). Time commitment is another barrier. Implementing EBP in practice is time consuming and replacing the traditional treatment plans with new emerging evidence often creates difficulties. Alignment with PICO elements- The 2 research studies were aligned with the PICO format because they used a well formulated structured format to improve the scientific rigour of the study (Brignardello-Petersen et al., 2015). PICO format for first study: P (Population) I (Intervention) C (Comparison) O (Outcome) University students under use of psycho-stimulants Effect of psycho-stimulants on academic performance Participants compared to those who received placebo pills Effects of stimulants analysed by interviews PICO format for second study P (Population) I (Intervention) C (Comparison) O (Outcome) Students from 6 public universities Nonmedical use of prescribed stimulants Participants compared to those without executive functioning deficits Effects of stimulants on executive brain functioning Conclusion Thus, I conclude from the above findings that every drug has some potential side effects in addition to enhancing some functions. The assignment critically analysed the effects of non-prescribed psycho-stimulants on students from universities, who tried to achieve academic excellence. Most of the students are of the general opinion that these drugs increase alertness and help them to stay focused. Both of the papers showed that there is a lack of valid evidence, which can prove the association of use of these drugs with improved cognitive function among the students. While the first research study helped to provide evidence on the positive effects of stimulants on alertness and staying awake, it failed to show long term academic benefits among the students. Furthermore, the findings also suggested that motivation for leisure activities increase upon administration of these drugs. The second study on the other hand showed that non-medical use of stimulants did not modify executive fun ctioning among university students. Thus, I conclude that none of the two studies could provide evidence for positive effects of stimulants on improving cognitive function and academic performance of students. References Brignardello-Petersen, R., Carrasco-Labra, A., Glick, M., Guyatt, G. H., Azarpazhooh, A. (2015). A practical approach to evidence-based dentistry: III: how to appraise and use an article about therapy.The Journal of the American Dental Association,146(1), 42-49. Gerlach, K. K., Dasgupta, N., Schnoll, S. H., Henningfield, J. E. (2014). Epidemiology of stimulant misuse and abuse: implications for future epidemiologic and neuropharmacologic research.Neuropharmacology,87, 91-96. Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A., Warland, J. (2017). Understanding research methods for evidence-based practice in health 1e Wileyplus learning space Wiley e-text powered by Vitalsource. Wiley. Retrieved from https://acu-edu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=61ACU_ALMA21112742500002352context=Lvid=61ACUsearch_scope=61ACU_Alltab=61acu_alllang=en_US Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university studentsa qualitative approach.BMC medical ethics,15(1), 23. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes.Addictive behaviors,65, 250-257. Oliver, K., Lorenc, T., Innvr, S. (2014). New directions in evidence-based policy research: a critical analysis of the literature.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), 34. Ronald, A., Larsson, H., Anckarster, H., Lichtenstein, P. (2014). Symptoms of autism and ADHD: A Swedish twin study examining their overlap.Journal of abnormal psychology,123(2), 440. Schaffer, M. A., Sandau, K. E., Diedrick, L. (2013). Evidence?based practice models for organizational change: overview and practical applications.Journal of Advanced Nursing,69(5), 1197-1209. Spencer, R. C., Devilbiss, D. M., Berridge, C. W. (2015). The cognition-enhancing effects of psychostimulants involve direct action in the prefrontal cortex.Biological psychiatry,77(11), 940-950.

The Great Moom Hoax Essay Example

The Great Moom Hoax Essay On July 20, 1969 thefirst dusty footprints left by men on the moon were also indelible footprints left on the hearts and imaginations of the human race. No other adventure was shared by more people. No other quest has meant more to our species as a standard by which we measure our incredible potential. This was one of the most famous days in the history of our planet from the various points of view of people who lived it, right here on Earth. It is One Day in the Life of Earth -late 20th century preserved in the reflection of an extraordinary achievement. Or was it Astronomers, specialists, and amateurs alike have come to several conclusive discoveries that play contrary to thefirst acclaimed, lunar landing. In the following document, arguments and examples will be introduced with liable resources, disregarding all past support on Apollo 11s final destination. It backs up the theory that the exploration and expedition of the lunar landing was an utter fraud, call it as you may, The Great Moon Hoax.Therefore, do to resent study and factual proof, the 1969 lunar landing never actually occurred the way America perceived it to through pictures, video footage, and detailed explanations. While this paper deals with the theory that man indeed never did reach the moon, all readers must understand that not everyone agrees with this.Most of Americas population ignorantly feels that Apollo 11, with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin was thefirst Apollo flight to land on the Moon, on July 20, 1969. While Collins flew in orbit around the Moon in the command module, Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the lunar module, landing in the Sea of Tranquillity.Some of their back up for attacks against the unlikely hood of the hoax are as follows: In regards to the unseen stars, they support it by stating the stars are there! We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Moom Hoax specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer