Tourism Destination Development: Homecoming Scotland

administrator abstract The subject of this report is the application of Butlers touristry sector spirit-time cycle per second for Scot unload and as well a critique of VisitScotlands touristry reference development. The maiden section of the report presents the put and objectives and the utilised methods of research. In the second chapter c exclusivelyed tossism refinement or destination touristry be presented c move back to preliminary theories regarding touristry destination as a food market place. The 3rd section presents the evolution of activate and touristry, inter content tourism, and as well tourism destinations.The fourth chapter consists of three subsections. The setoff one presents the theoretical background behind the main destination development models and their partial applications to Scotland. The second subsection presents the crotchety early st mounts of the frugal tourism through Butlers TALC model. The last subsection of the chapter obje ctively illustrates Scotlands present and youthful past development through the cycle and its potential entries to the freshly and final spirit level. The fifth and final chapter is concentrate on Scotlands inter matter market.The first subchapter demonstrates the rich economical heritage in North America. In the second subsection the US society and its timess be analysed to select the best US market for Scotland. The third subsection presents VisitScotlands campaign for the American have wordsors called retort Scotland, the bequeaths of the 2009 campaign and expectations from the 2014 one. Table of contents Executive summary 1 Table of contents 2 List of figures 4 1. 0Introduction 5 1. 1Background 5 1. 2Aims and objectives 5 1. 3Methods 5 2. 0 touristry destination or destination tourism? 3. 0History of external travel and tourism From ancient festivals to outer put 6 4. 0The tourism argona conduct cycle (TALC) Theory and application for Scotland 9 4. 1TALC models and t he concept of touring car Area Cycle Evolution Their application to Scotland 9 4. 2Scotlands unique early cycle stages 11 4. 3Scotlands tourism development and consolidation 14 5. 0 income tax return Scotland Attracting the American market 16 5. 1 Scotch Ancestry in North America 16 5. 2Scotlands markets in the changing US society 17 5. income tax return Scotland 2009 and 2014 Stagnating nationally, developing internationally 18 Conclusion 20 References 21 Bibliography 23 List of figures *Figure 1 copied from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/FileCulloden_Viaduct01_2007-08-22. jpg Representing a panoramic view of Cullodin Viaduct 10 *Fig. 2 Adapted from Butlers The touristry Area Life Cycle Vol. 1 Applications and modifications, about touristry Area Life Cycle 14 *Fig. 3 internationalist visitors in Scotland from International Caption Survey 17 Fig. 4 Adapted from clanstirling. org website about American sparing 18 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1Background Each tourism destination area tra vels a life cycle. These cycles are adapted according to the destination type, still they are still subject to interpretation. Scotland has proved to be an burning(prenominal) competitor in the tourism industry nationally and compensate internationally. The uniqueness in which Scotland travelled the first stages of the cycle and the numerous differences of cycle phase among regions and as well as markets makes it the one of the instaurations about challenging destination area to develop. . 2Aims and objectives The aim of this report is to demonstrate using healthy and logical arguments Scotlands current place in the TALC cycle and also to analyse VisitScotlands newest international and national market campaigns called getting even Scotland and respectively Surprise Yourself. 1. 3Methods In the attempt of writing this report various sources devour been workd such as books and journals which focused on tourism destination development and also Scots tourism. Moreover, elec tronic sources such as VisitScotland. com or HomecomingScotland2009. om were used for guidance a long with accomplished knowledge hive away throughout the tourism Destination Development module. 2. 0Tourism destination or destination tourism? Tourists and tourism examine had both grown in the last 100 eld. Tourists nowadays are increasingly discerning in their choice of holidays, in terms of both activities and destinations. These towering expectations have been heightened by the tourism industry itself chiefly due its right(prenominal) competitiveness with former(a) sphere of influences and inside one between destinations to attract the potential tourists.The age when destinations could simply make known their attractions by sitting back and await the arrival of visitors is furthest behind. Tourism plays an essential role for many throngs high-quality lifestyle. Todays tourists have to be enticed by market destinations place products effectively. Communities are the recip ient of tourists (Heath and Wall 1992, p. 6), which is why most of the tints of tourism occur on the community level. Yet, many communities, especially those whose economies are dominated by tourism, dont have reliable tourism and trade plans, or even any of these two components in their popular plan.Places are sold in a wide variety of consumer markets by private and public sector organisations which is why tourism destinations can be treated as products. There are, however, some differences between a place as a tourism destination and a marketable good or service purchased directly by customers of the tourism industry, such as the hire of hotel space or purchase of souvenirs. 3. 0History of International travel and tourism From ancient festivals to outer space Many people wonder how travel and tourism has evolved so rapidly only in the last 50 years.There are many archaeological sites that collapse tourism destinations even from the 6th century A. D. in Babylon in what appe ared to be the oldest history museum ever built which attracted people from all around the kingdom. Ancient Egypt also prided itself with its two majestic wonders The Pyramids of Giza and The Lighthouse of Alexandria. The Nile River also represented an endless source of agricultural prosperity and boat festivals were organized as a sign of adore and gratitude for their wellbeing. A similar example was Ancient Greece with their many temple sites, venerating various gods.With the rise of the papistical Empire, tourism started to segment in diametrical categories. Vacation tourism was practiced by the wealthier Romans who built residences outside the cities for seasonal use. Study tourism also became popular in the Upper Roman Class for children, just also parents who travelled to regions like Greece or Egypt to learn the local language and culture. It represents the beginning of what it is known at present as International tourism. Romans also invented the first form of leisure tourism (balearic tourism) at different water spring sites all over the Empire.The travel phenomenon however was mostly related to expeditions, commerce, migration or military expeditions and it remained this way until the beginning of the 21st century. As technology grew and faster ways of transport became available, travel and tourism finally got closely connected. In England, Queen Elisabeth The 1st had call downd study tourism through which English diplomats were educate in Universities such as Cambridge and Oxford. At the time the paper of travelling for the sake of curiosity was truly popular among the upper-class, thus the introduction of passports to keep evidence and secure the multinational travelling.The term portentous Tour was introduced by Richard Lassels in his 1670 book Voyage to Italy. Additional guidebooks, tour guides, and the tourist industry were developed and grew to learn the needs of the 20-something male and female travellers and their tutors across the European continent. The young tourists were wealthy and could afford the multiple years abroad. They carried letters of reference and introduction with them as they departed from southern England. The Grand Tourists were primarily interested in visiting those cities that were considered the major(ip) centres of culture at the time Paris, Rome, and Venice were not to be missed.Florence and Naples were also popular destinations. The Grand Tourist would travel from city to city and usually spend weeks in smaller cities and up to several(prenominal) months in the three key cities. After the industrial revolution that brought important economic and social diversenesss, the nerve centre class population had significantly change magnitude. At the end of the 19th century, middle class workers started to benefit of one-year paid holidays. As the ways of transport became faster, reliable and also accessible, the demand for tourism resorts has exploded.As a result of the corporatio n tourism phenomenon of the 1960s and post-World War flight technology and pilots, chartered seats on commercialised zephyrlines were introduced followed by long-haul packages that were genuinely popular a decade later and promote international tourism also for the middle class. Todays tourism is dominated by niches. The most popular segments are spectral tourism, photographic tourism, cultural and heritage tourism, tradition and culture-based tourism, jeopardise tourism, wildlife and special interest tourism.Space tourism represents the most young niche and a number of companies have sprung up in recent years hoping to create a space tourism industry in near approaching. As an alternative to tourism some organisations use the term personal spaceflight. It has been practiced only by 7 people so far due to the high cost of such a trip (minimum 20 million dollars), tho with at onces acceleration in technology growth, no one can predict what and to whom this niche has to alleg e in the future. 4. 0The Tourism area life cycle (TALC) Theory and application for Scotland . 1TALC models and the concept of Tourist Area Cycle Evolution Their application to Scotland Tourist areas are dynamic they evolve and change over time. The idea of a consistent process through which tourist areas evolve has been described by authors such as Christaller, Stansfield, Noronha and Cohen. Noronha suggests that tourism develops in three stages discovery, local response and initiative, and institutionalised institutionalisation. Christaller also makes clear the fact that types of tourists change with the tourist areas.There is a lot of literature about characteristics of visitors, but the tourists motivations and desires have been ignored. Cohen, for example, characterises tourists as institutionalised or non-institutionalised or even drifters, explorers, individual mass tourists and organised mass tourists. Plog also tell that Destination areas carry with them the potential seeds of their own destruction, as they allow themselves to become more commercialised and lose their qualities which originally attracted tourists (Cited in Butler 2006, p. ). But while writers such as Cohen have warned against the problems of unilinear models of social change, in that location is a lot of evidence that the general pattern of tourist area evolution is consistent. Butlers Hypothetical Tourism Area Life Cycle Model is illustrated through a process of fiver stages exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and rejuvenation or decline. Because most studies in which the model has been apply for can be characterised as come on destinations, Butlers model has attracted some criticism.In 2000 Butler revisited his model and highlighted aspects about it that could explain its continued relevance since 1980. He argued that because of a focus on detail in many studies some key aspects and the overall validity of the model had sometimes been overlooked. In separate to explain the growth, change, limits and intervention in a tourism area, the model is based in eight elements dynamism, process, capacity or limits to growth, triggers, prudence, long term view point, spacial components, and universal applicability. Prideaux however, notices that the life-cycle may be at ifferent stages for different markets, which is why he comes forward with a market perspective analysis. His model applies best for those destinations that have gradually developed from local to international markets, mainly applied for resorts. Scotlands early stages however dont seem to apply with the first two of Prideauxs model (from local to regional tourism). As for Miossecs evolutionary cycle of destination development model, victory from development starts even from stage one and at the latest stage he emphasises on the social-cultural impact for the region.The second stage represents a publicity through word-of-mouth which again didnt apply to the first co urageous who visited Scotland and especially the alpines and described it with horror. Weaver proposed a different but complementary model to the life cycle paradigm. It captures the need to regulate the use of tourism resources, especially the environment in inn to even off the flow of tourists. In situations where a high degree of regulation occurs, Weaver proposed that a destination could repeat deliberate alternative tourism (DAT), related to two forms of mass tourism, and to the sustainability of the destination.The first form he calls unsustainable mass tourism (UMT) is the result of the continued development of the tourism that, in absence of restrictive regulation, exceeds the carrying capacity and the environmental and sociocultural limits of acceptable change in a destination not Scotlands case as here mass tourism is rare due to lack of land access to Europe and some other continents and the mass tourism trend is far behind.Traditionally, tourism sustainability is se en as a set of principles, political prescriptions and management methods that establish a path to develop tourism in conjunction with the protection of environmental, cultural and fundament resources of tourist destinations for the future (Lane, 1994). From this position, Hunter (1997) sees sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm depending on the dowery of the environment in which it develops.He proposes four alternatives of sustainable development through tourism imperative, Product-Led tourism, Environment-Led tourism, and Neotenous tourism. Of these four alternatives, Sustainable development through Product-Led Tourism is the focus here. In order to surmount the prescriptive limitations of the life cycle model when establishing the objective of sustainable development in island destinations, the teleological model proposed here can be used in a complementary manner. . 2Scotlands unique early cycle stages *Fig. 1 Panoramic view of Culloden Viaduct *Fig. 1 Panoramic view of C ulloden Viaduct The exploration stage represents the beginning of the cycle and it is assumed that there would be no specific facilities provided for visitors. Contacts between visitors and local residents is very often, which of course it might be beneficial if the locals are welcoming with strangers and also the visitors are keen to love the local culture and traditions.Because this stage is mostly present nowadays in those unexplored or feared corners of the Earth, roughly called by many Third World countries, tourists take high risks when getting in contact with the residents as can never originally anticipate the locals behaviour and openness to tourists. Not all Scotland has lived this stage in the said(prenominal) time. The tourist industry of the north and west of Scotland, which is today a major economic and social force in the area, can be traced back more than 2 centuries to the brassy travellers such as Penant (1772) and Johnson (1876).The economic base and underst ructure did not become established until approximately a century later. Youngson (cited in Butler 1973, p. 373) notes that In the first half of the century eighteenth nobody visited the Highlands for pleasure or out of a sense of scientific curiosity and visitors tended to speak of the country almost with horror, as a black howling wilderness, full of bogs and boulders, mostly treeless, and nearly unfit for human habitation. Unlike Confederate or east Scotland, wheeled vehicles were uncommon in the Highlands around 1750 due to poor, almost inexistent transport infrastructure.Another impedimenta to travellers at the time was the linguistic stubbornness of Scots people at the time to communicate in Gaelic, English still being considered only appropriate for the upper class. In 1812 the Duke of Gordon advertised shooting in The Times and rented Glenfeshie next to what it is known today as Glenmore Forest Park for ? 70. The popularity of the activity continued unabated and received powerful stimulation for various reasons. One was the great popularity of the artist Edwin Landseer, whose paintings of deer stalking were astray regarded, ncluding his best known work, Monarch of the Glen, originally commissioned for the Houses of Parliament. After Thomas Cooks promotion of Southern Scotland in 1846 and construction of the Highland Main Line Railway in 1856, all Scottish regions were accessible by ground and the first tourist waves started to emerge. Another major influence was the enthusiastic hold out and participation by the Royal Family. Victoria and Albert first visited Scotland in 1842, and Albert participated in stalking at Drummond and in Glen Tilt.In 1848, they took a lease on Balmoral Castle, eventually purchasing it in 1852, and built a new residence which was completed in 1855. Their annual visits were a highlight of Victorias life. They cherished Scottish uniqueness. Butler states that If the first contact with visitors is peaceful and the local att ractions present high potential interest for future tourists, the local residents can enter the involvement stage and begin to provide facilities primarily or even exclusively for visitors.The very purpose of a journey to Scotland was to find foreignness it was the fact of Scottish specialization which allowed the country to play its role as a counter to the modern world. The gesture gave social commendation to the idea of a summer estate in the Highlands of Scotland, and the poesy of visitors increased steadily from that date, thus at the end of the nineteenth century there were approximately 170 inns and hotels in the area.In all, Scotland held out three categories of attractions to tourists instinctive ones, such as an outdoor environment which enabled visitors to envision a world untouched by industrialisation historic ones, which suggested that the past was uniquely accessible in Scotland and human ones, particularly the men and women of the Highlands and Western Isles, who sightseers believed continue an ancient way of life in a changing world.While the Highlands and Isles of Scotland were building land transit infrastructure connections to the Britannic Island, the population of Southern Scotland exploded, especially in the two major cities of Edinburgh (from 103,143 in 1811 to 269,407 in 1891) and Glasgow (from 202,426 in 1831 to 658,073 in 1891). After the appearance of automobiles, the famous A9 road was constructed, connecting Southern Scotland to Inverness and Wick using approximately the same route as the Highland Railway.It is still the longest road in Scotland (273) miles. Unfortunately, an equally gradual public exposure of visitors to all part of Scotland was delayed by restrictions imposed during the Second World War. While the Highlands and Isles of Scotland were building land transit infrastructure connections to the Britannic Island, the population of Southern Scotland exploded, especially in the two major cities of Edinburgh (from 10 3,143 in 1811 to 269,407 in 1891) and Glasgow (from 202,426 in 1831 to 658,073 in 1891).This demographic growth played a vital role in the following years in the increasing demand of labour for the service sectors after the war. 4. 3Scotlands tourism development and consolidation As the consolidation stage is entered the rate of increase in number of visitors entrust decline, although total number will still increase, and total visitor numbers exceed the number of unchanging residents (Butler 2006, p. 7). Scotland is not a low cost, rapidly growing emerging mass tourism destination.Exponential increase in visitor numbers and value has come to an end. Scotland is an inviting and popular destination which nevertheless is in the stagnation phase of the destination life cycle where tourism is a cash generator for the economy but growth is low and variable from year to year. It might even be on the cusp between stagnation and decline. Surprise yourself is the latest VisitScotland prom otional campaign launched in March 2011 targeting the UK and Ireland market.With this campaign, VisitScotland tries to re-enforce its existing icons and people of Scotland. In fact, the main goal of Surprise yourself is to exit the post-stagnation stage in which it is as a domestic destination through the rejuvenating alternative illustrated in the following illustration model. *Fig. 2 Adapted from Butlers TALC Vol. 1 *Fig. 2 Adapted from Butlers TALC Vol. 1 There are a number of factors which are specific to the UK which are likely to impact negatively on visitor trends in Scotland over the next few years.These accommodate threat of a double dip recession, Government Spending Review in the UK and Scotland, proposed introduction of increased air passenger duty, VAT increase, increasing fuel prices, threat of terrorism perceived or real and currency fluctuation. Possible impacts of such changes might lead to reduction in overseas visitor numbers conversely, reduction in the propensi ty for UK residents to take holidays as costs increase and levels of disposable income reduce a net overall reduction in visitor spend and negative impact on levels of enthronization in tourism in Scotland, as well as reducing VisitScotland and VisitBritain budgets.The industry in Scotland also recognises the following as threats Global recession Cost increases Increased competition from UK and overseas England is in a position of competitive strength for overseas markets given the overwhelming global profile of London and the mankind that the major international gateways are located in south east England decline in air and sea transport links to Scotland Increasing bureaucracy public sector weaknesses infrastructure, support and regulation attitudes people service, complacency, apathy.International events e. g. conflict or health scares could also reduce overseas visitor numbers. Scotland has a number of major opportunities to increase the value of tourism over the next few yea rs.These include A number of major international events including Tall Ships Race 2011 (Greenock and Lerwick), The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Game, Spin offs from the 2012 London Olympic Games, The Ryder Cup in 2014, Homecoming 2014, Rugby World Cup in 2015 (England and Wales) potential for growth in key sectors of the economy in which Scotland has centre of excellence credentials, such as renewable energy and biotechnology with consequent increases in wrinkle and conference tourism potential for improved access to Scotland and development of major new infrastructure projects such as the national indoor arena, EICC extension, Trump development and the proposed VA in Dundee. Scotland remains an attractive international destination within a number of well-developed and mature overseas markets. Mature markets probably offer limited scope for future growth in visitor numbers but they may be lucrative in value terms, especially based on areas such as golf, culture, and heritage and div iding line tourism.There is some growth potential in international markets Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Eastern Europeans and Russians now travel regularly and many are high spending visitors with expectations of the highest standards and quality emerging destinations are leading global growth resurgence (Brazil, Russia, China) Chinese citizens are increasingly wealthy and represent the worlds biggest future tourism market and most importantly the number of US citizens with passports has doubled since 2003. 5. 0Homecoming Scotland Attracting the American market 5. 1Scottish Ancestry in North America Scottish Americans (Ameireaganaich Albannach) or Scots Americans are citizens of the get together States and Canada whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. They are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans, descendants of Ulster Scots, and communities emphasize and celebrate their common heritage. North America offered Scots the opportunity of far ming their own land as well as employment possibilities in the cities.Some of the jobs on offer were those for which Scots already had experience, such as stonemasons and weavers. Once Scots from a particular area had made the move, their letters to back home encouraged others to join them. In recent studies, it is stated that there are about 30-40 million Americans who claim Scottish or Scotch-Irish heritage in the United States. But the region with most Scottish ancestry and also very much Scottish ancestry pride is Nova Scotia (New Scotland). New Scotland was founded by Sir William horse parsley and King pile of Scotland in the early 1600s. At that time, New Scotland consisted approximately of the Atlantic Provinces as they are known today, and the Gaspe Peninsula.Sir William Alexander with King James devised a settlement scheme of granting the title Baronet of Nova Scotia to any who would purchase puffy grants of land in New Scotland (Nova Scotia), secure and settle those land s. Following defeat at the Battle of Culloden, life and times became very difficult in the Highlands. The people were forbidden to speak their language (Gaelic), play the Bagpipes (considered instruments of war) or to wear their Highland dress. After the economy went from bad to worse, and the atrocities committed on the Highlanders by Butcher Cumberland and his followers the Highlanders, if they could, left. The first Highlanders to migrate to Nova Scotia arrived on the Ship Hector at Pictou in 1773.Through the years, up to and especially during the Highland Clearances, shipload after shipload of Highland emigrants crossed the difficult seas to Nova Scotia. The main ports of entry were Pictou, followed by Sydney, Halifax and others. Pictou became justifiedly known as the Birthplace of New Scotland. 5. 2Scotlands markets in the changing US society *Fig. 3 International visitors in Scotland *Fig. 3 International visitors in Scotland Scottish Americans are, of course the target US m arket, but focusing only on this particular market would lead Homecoming Scotland to extinct. Even if they would have Scottish ancestry, they might not have any interest at all in Scotland. The stratification of the US market has to be demographic and social.The population of USA is approximately 298 million people, of which approximately 12 has Scottish Ancestry. They are widespread around the states, but unequally. Fortunately, for an expensive experience such as visiting Scotland from the US, high Scottish ancestry concentrations are in the wealthier corners of the United States like North-West, Central-North-West, North-East and Central-South-East. One of Americas weaknesses, it citizens average education is still to be desired and higher education is increasingly expensive. In order to have an awareness and interest in your possible Scottish ancestry, you need to have quite a decent education.So therefore, education directly influences Americans level of interest in places like Scotland. *Fig. 4 Adapted from clanstirling. org *Fig. 4 Adapted from clanstirling. org As of the American generations, Scottish tourism is open to almost all of them expect for the pre-depression generation who are predisposed to physical accidents, thus travelling over such long distances would be an impediment for them (not for their UK homologues though). The depression generation is known as very keen to activity and adventure tourism. Scotlands advanced adventure and activity tourism developed in Western Scotland, such as Forth William and plentiful of sport events might be an important advantage.But the most suitable American generation to visit Scotland are the Baby Boomers. Boomers are higher income, higher education and are a strong market for anti-aging products, travel and financial services. They are desperate to evade from routine and relax in a wonder untouched corner of the Earth, but also are aware of their ancestry, thus open to visit their homeland. Reaching the Xers however, is a tougher challenge because they have matured in a busy, overcrowded learning and working environment, so reaching them requires special attention to the media. This is in fact where VisitScotland comes at hand the most. 5. 3Homecoming Scotland 2009 and 2014 Stagnating nationally, developing internationallyThe campaign represents a stubbornness to return to the Butlers development phase of the cycle a reflection of a well-defined tourist market area, shaped by heavy advertising in tourist-generating areas. One of the most likely tourist-generating areas for Scotland is without any doubt, North America, due to its powerful Scottish ancestry. 2009 was the first year of the campaign and it is seen as an economic success for Scotland. Homecoming Scotland 2009 was a Scottish Government initiative, delivered in partnership between EventScotland, the national events agency, and VisitScotland, the national tourism organisation. Homecoming was allocated a core budget of ? 5. 5 million from the Scottish Government.Research by EKOS, an economic and social development consultancy reveals some very impressive achievements of Homecoming Scotland 2009 generated ? 53. 7 million in additional tourism revenue for Scotland, exceeding the ? 44 million target by 22 part attracted 95,000 additional visitors to Scotland and generated ? 154 million of positive global media coverage. Homecoming has established an important database of Scots interest groups around the world. Only VisitScotland. com has received 344,207 additional newsletter subscribers. The year launched over the Robert Burns 250th anniversary, Scotlands national attire and cultural icon. Also in 2009, because of Homecomings heritage promotion, the countrys biggest ever co-ordinated St Andrews Day was held.In order to have at least a similar success, Homecoming Scotland 2014 has to be predeceased by 3 preliminary years, each focused on a particular theme 2010 for food and Drink, 2011 for an Active S cotland, 2012 for a Creative Scotland, and finally 2013 Natural Scotland. Homecoming 2014 will take place in the year that Scotland hosts the Commonwealth Games, the 2014 Ryder Cup and marks the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn. Conclusion Scotland, like any other destination is travelling its destination life cycle. This post-stagnation phase however, represents the most vital one, and it is here where tourism destination development is mostly put into practice.The uniqueness in which it travels makes Scotland one of the most challenging, yet exciting destinations to promote nationally, and especially internationally. 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